Technological bases IoT. Internet of Things





Internet of things. Technological bases IoT.

The development of equipment of mobile technology, whose best representation is given in smartphones and smart watches or as we might call it: “Wearable technology“, is an important advance in the figure of what will become the Internet of things (IoT). In essence, these devices make use of the technological Bases IoT which will enable the existence of a world of “Things” Interconnected, including exchanging information on their respective environments and not, necessarily, only with the man.
These technological Bases IoT are as follows:

• Capacity of collection of information.

The existence of sensors and of devices of captures such as the systems ofTechnological Bases IoT recognition of voice and sounds, recognition of images, sensors of temperature, sensors of movement, sensors of light, detectors of smells, and another great amount of elements, gives “to the things” something similar to our 5 senses.

• Large capacity of storage of information.

With every passing day, the man goes drastically reducing the space required to store information. And the now common use of permanent memories that do not require energy for their conservation, converts any space into “too big” to hold digitized information.

• Information processing capacity.

Size, smaller than ever, and processing speed, increasingly larger, as well as the existence of multiprocessing or connection tandem processors, makes every day Software developers use them to “think” in a similar way to how we humans do.

• Capacity of communication with other devices.

Technology of exchange of information through digital packages that “travel” on radio frequency waves bidirectionally, in spaces of unlimited transmission capacity, given the possibilities of using frequency bands ranges from very low (on the order of hundreds of HZ) up to ranges of ultra high frequency (in the order of the gigaherzts), leave without effect any restriction on the transfer and receipt of information.




• Optimizing the use of energy for all processes.

Together with the possibilities of “energy capture” environmental such as removable light, wind and tides, and recent research on the absorption of energy by induction, form the most important limitation that man arises at the thought the possibility of incorporating “things” to a trillion Network components “autonomous” able to interact with each other without involving himself, and settle for what we call the Internet of things (IoT).

It is estimated that the average human being is surrounded, at all times, Technological Bases IoTregardless of where you are, some 3,000 “things” or inanimate objects.
We talk about things ranging from your shoes (those who have jobs and those who are in your closet), to the books that has its Office. And everyone communicating it and interacting between them… and with the man.

Some examples?

Imagine a shoe warning its owner on a slippery surface that he has not detected!
Can you Imagine a washing machine contacting its manufacturer Service Center to notify an irregular vibration in its operation?
Imagine a shelf in a supermarket ask store stocked being a product that is sold out on its top, or removal of a product that reached the closing date for the sale!
We could go on putting amazing examples and you would smile while wondering if we are crazy, only partially or totally!
Join us in the following Post to get together some conclusions concerning.
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Internet of Things. Fiction or Reality?





Introduction to the World of Internet of Things.

The basic concept of Internet of Things or IoT (Internet of Things abbreviation) is based on the possibility of granting the ability to interface and exchange information, to all objects around us. This definition apparently simple has a background with implications that could shake up the way that humans get involved with technology and everyday applications.

The premises and the surroundings that surround to this concept of Internet of things, have changed since it was raised for the first time at the end of the 20th century. What for that then seemed a dream too far and futuristic to give much importance, has been approaching at breakneck speed in the last four or five years.

New Technologies and Improvement of the existing.

The evolution of information technology in recent years has been based on an explosive development of Hardware elements, led by processors of high capacity and processing speed, as well as the integration of new elementsInternet of Things RFID of input and output such as touch screens, voice recognition devices, capture images and reading of bodily signals systems, satellite positioning systems, and many more.

At the same time, the technological capability of solid-state components manufacturing has been declining sizes of all these devices, to the point of be able to integrate extensive combinations of all these elements, in spaces barely visible to the human eye.

Development and Evolution of Communications and Energy Conversion Systems.

Another element to consider is the evolution in wireless communications technology. All these systems of transmission and reception of signals and information packets that have increasing physical scope and have been made more efficient in energy consumption have been achieved.

On the other hand, there is a rapid development in the exploration of sources of generation and energy storage in an autonomous way, such as solar panels, energy capture by induction, eolic generators, etc. It also occurs with optimization of the requirement of physical space of these elements.




Conclusions.

In conclusion, the proposals seemed like a futuristic fiction at the Internet of Things Label RFIDbeginning of 2000, have become an imminent reality for which we must prepare ourselves psychologically, given its implications in changing concepts such as Privacy and Self-determination, but even more complex implications on the interrelationship between countries, governments, companies, etc.

If this sounds very dramatic, imagine for a moment the following scenario:

In the “X” Company there is a meeting of the technical Board of Directors, for the submission of a prototype of the product “Y”. It has no competition in the market as it is a new concept.

The projector they are using for the presentation, lives up to the term Internet of Things (IoT). It is “connected” permanently to Computers of the Service Department at Company Manufacturer “Z”.

 And this Manufacturer is “accidentally” managing a Project Research and Development of a “W” product. This product is similar to the product cut “Y” being presented at the Meeting.

It sounds like a fiction film mixed with Industrial espionage! Isn’t it?

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Applications of Computers. Straight to the Future.


Other applications of Computers.

So far we have learned much of what it takes to “face” the modern technological life without us being shocked by the ignorance of terms such as hardware, operating systems, etc. Now is the moment that we will start talking about the applications of Computers.




To do this, we want to review a series of concepts already seen and which are part of the essence of knowledge that you found with the reading at this Website.

Before, we want to talk to you about two important definitions that although they are a fundamental part of the technological world digital (and analogue), they are little mentioned by their real names. We refer to the terms Transducer and Sensor.

Definitions.

Technically speaking, the term transducer is very broad. In fact, if you are looking for information regarding, for example, in Wikipedia (very useful Digital Encyclopedia which can be accessed via the Internet), you will find something like this:

“… A transducer is a device capable of transforming or converting a particular manifestation of energy entering another out, but very little value in relative terms with respect to a generator.”Application of Computers. Sensor

In the case of sensors, Wikipedia is a bit more generous with the definition:

“… A sensor is a device capable of detecting physical or chemical quantities called instrumentation variables, and transform them into electric variables. Instrumentation variables can be for example: temperature, light intensity, distance, acceleration, inclination, displacement, pressure, force, torque, humidity, motion, pH, etc. Electrical magnitude can be an electrical (as in a RTD) resistance, a capacitance (as in a humidity sensor), a voltage (as in a thermocouple), a power (as in a phototransistor), etc.

What are the differences?

A sensor differs from a transducer that the sensor is always in contact with the variable’s instrumentation with what can also be said that it is a device that takes advantage of one of its properties in order to adapt the measuring signal so that another device can interpret it. As for example the Mercury thermometer that exploits the property that holds the mercury to expand or contract by the action of temperature. A sensor also can be said that it is a device that converts one form of energy into another.”

Both definitions are absolutely certain, but we include them only as a reference. We will use both terms but in the meaning more easily and it occurs to us that it may be something like this:

” Sensors and Transducers are devices used to capture physical and chemical signals, and turn them into readable or interpreted by a computer that uses them to make decisions “.

We accept for now (as long as you research, compare and validate) that definition and continue with “our theme”.




Then…

If we start from the premises (which we have already seen) conceptual following about the Applications of Computers:

  • A COMPUTER is able to “make decisions” and offer one or more OUTPUTS predefined response to one or more INPUTS using the instructions or PROGRAM. This Program is lodged in its MEMORY and which may have been “installed” by a user or come installed in the non-volatile memory by the manufacturer.
  • A COMPUTER is made up of elements of hardware inside of which the “brain” is the MICROPROCESSOR also called CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT and is not more than a CHIP container many switches of solid state, taking the position of open (0) or closed (1) depending on what program indicate.

MP 6502 Apple II. 1977Applications of Computers MP 6502

 MP Z80 TRS80. 1980Applications of Computers MP Z80

MP Intel Corel Duo. In use to DateApplications of Computers MP Intel Duo

 

  • A COMPUTER PROGRAM is the interactive sequence of steps running items on the computer when it receives instructions or signals through the INPUT devices, to give us one or several shares of OUTPUT across devices which can be of many types, such as a screen or display, a printer, some audio, a communications technology Bluetooth signal outputs , or simply the opening or closing of an electrical contact.
  • The INPUT devices of a computer are not limited to a keyboard, or a mouse pointer or the movement of your finger on a touch screen. It can also consist of INPUT/OUTPUT PORTS, which receive signals from SENSORS OR TRANSDUCERS externally associated with the environment where the computer “works”.

….. Then, if we look to our around, we find plenty of large, medium and small “applications of computers”. These applications, except in rare exceptions, never get the name they deserve… Where?

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Databases . Fast Information Management.


Why Databases ?

One of the most important applications associated with the introduction of computers to the today world, is its information management capacity. The integration of programs that handle this information and performNeeding Databases with it, not only counts, statistics, classifications, legal systems, but also actions such as printing documents, massive correspondence, identification of commonalities, and many others, have made that databases will become one of the most important computer applications, not only for the common user, but for institutions , Companies, banks, companies, public utilities and private and governmental entities related to planning and statistics, the police institutions and many others.




To not lose sight of the scope and objectives of this Website, we will not refer to ” those big ” Bases of data, but applications in ‘domestic scale’ or staff of such programs.

What they are?

First of all, let’s look at what the databases are.

When we have a large amount of information to manage, organize, select and filter by one or more of its characteristics, the ideal (and modern) way of doing it is through what we call databases. We illustrate this with an example.

If you are a collector of music and has a collection of CDs of various artists, authors, genres, countries and times and want to have it classified to locate, identify and make written reports of the items in its collection, could make annotations on paper or card and make a kind of file with the information. This is not difficult to do if you have 40 or 50 discs and what you want to manage as their music, are only 4 or 5 parameters.

In this case you could locate with relative ease, for example, all the music by a sane composer, or all the artists who have made a version of a song, and in general any information you want within your tabs or pages written.

But suppose that your collection is 400 or 500 discs, and you wish to have rated and ranked your information with additional information, for example:

Song titles

Artists who play them

Composers who created them

Album in which were released

Their releases dates

Genre to which they belong

Duration time

Country

If you had to locate information in that “giant file” to share with other collectors, quite possibly would eventually abandoning “the task” in a short time, since his Hobby as a collector of music would become one burden rather than an enjoyment.Databases

Another notable example is the information of the members of a Club or association, or of its collection of books, or cooking recipes, or your address book, in the end, any task or hobby that requires lots of information management, is a potential application of the databases.




And…. How?

If what comes to your mind is: “But I don’t know how to make databases”, or “What the databases are”?, then I am pleased to inform you that thanks to the existence of the personal computers and to the work of an infinite number of Software developers, it is today very easy structure in your home, Office, Club , etc. a database that handles lots of information with absolute precision.

The most important concept you need to understand and manage is the ‘Field’.

Fields of a database are not more than the headings of each feature of the information. The rest is to define the format under which that information will be stored. Thus, the information fields will contain dates, should have this format, fields that only contain names, for example, must have alphanumeric format, fields that contain ages are numerical, and so on.

Else, generation of reports, search filters, sorting of information, etc. is responsible the programs that can be purchased in the market, sometimes even for free.

Even most of those programs include instructions and recommendations for structuring your database in the most convenient way. So, try it with some of their needs, hobbies or interests. It is not difficult and once you already have in use your first information manager, as many call them, will bless the existence of these powerful tools.

Some DatabasesAccording to its popularity the best known are:

  • Microsoft Access
  • Apple FileMaker
  • LibreOffice Base Database

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Welcome to The Exponential Age


The Exponential Age !

In 1998, Kodak had 170,000 employees and sold 85% of all photo paper worldwide. They can’t imagine the arriving of The Exponential Age . Within just a few years, their business model disappeared and they gotThe Exponential Age bankrupt.

What happened to Kodak will happen in a lot of industries in the next 10 year  and most people don’t see it coming. Did you think in 1998 that 3 years later you would never take pictures on paper film again?

Yet digital cameras were invented in 1975. The first ones only had 10,000 pixels, but followed Moore’s law. So as with all exponential technologies, it was a disappointment for a long time, before it became way superiour and got mainstream in only a few short years. It will now happen with Artificial Intelligence, health, autonomous and electric cars, education, 3D printing, agriculture and jobs. Welcome to the 4th Industrial Revolution.




Software will disrupt most traditional industries in the next 5-10 years.

Uber is just a software tool, they don’t own any cars, and are now the biggest taxi company in the world. Airbnb is now the biggest hotel company in the world, although they don’t own any properties.

Artificial Intelligence.

Computers become exponentially better in understanding the world. This year, a computer beat the best Go player in The exponential age artificial intelligencethe world, 10 years earlier than expected. In the US, young lawyers already don’t get jobs. Because of IBM Watson, you can get legal advice (so far for more or less basic stuff) within seconds, with 90% accuracy compared with 70% accuracy when done by humans. So if you study law, stop immediately. There will be 90% less lawyers in the future, only specialists will remain.

Watson already helps nurses diagnosing cancer, 4 time more accurate than human nurses. Facebook now has a pattern recognition software that can recognize faces better than humans. In 2030, computers will become more intelligent than humans. Warnings of the Exponential Age !

Autonomous cars.

In 2018 the first self driving cars will appear for the public. Around 2020, the complete industry will start to be disrupted. You don’t want to own a car anymore. You will call a car with your phone, it will show up at your location and drive you to your destination. You will not need to park it, you only pay for the driven distance and can be productive while driving. Our kids will never get a driver’s license and will never own a car. It will change the cities, because we will need 90-95% less cars for that. We can transform former parking space into parks. 1,2 million people die each year in car accidents worldwide. We now have one accident every 100,000km, with autonomous driving that will drop to one accident in 10 million km. That will save a million lives each year. Hurrah for The Exponential Age!

How will teenagers go parking without cars ?

Most car companies might become bankrupt. Traditional car companies try the evolutionary approach and just build a better car, while tech companies (Tesla, Apple, Google) will do the revolutionary approach andThe exponential age driverless car build a computer on wheels. I spoke to a lot of engineers from Volkswagen and Audi; they are completely terrified of Tesla.

Insurance companies will have massive trouble because without accidents, the insurance will become 100x cheaper. Their car insurance business model will disappear.

Real estate will change. Because if you can work while you commute, people will move further away to live in a more beautiful neighborhood.

Won’t need as many garages if fewer  people have cars, so living in the city may become more attractive as people like being around other people.  That won’t change.

Electric cars will become mainstream until 2020. Cities will be less noisy because all cars will run on electric. Electricity will become incredibly cheap and clean: Solar production has been on an exponential curve for 30 years, but you can only now see the impact. Last year, more solar energy was installed worldwide than fossil. The price for solar will drop so much that all coal companies will be out of business by 2025.

What will we do to make eyes and buttons for our snowman ?




With cheap electricity comes cheap and abundant water. Desalination now only needs 2kWh per cubic meter. We don’t have scarce water in most places, we only have scarce drinking water. Imagine what will be possible if anyone can have as much clean water as he wants, for nearly no cost.

Health.

The Tricorder X price will be announced this year. There will be companies who will build a medical device (called the “Tricorder” from Star Trek) that works with you phone, which takes your retina scan, you blood sample and you breath into it. It then analyses 54 biomarkers that will identify nearly any disease. It will be cheap, so in a few years everyone on this planet will have access to world class medicine, nearly for free.

3D printing

The price of the cheapest 3D printer came down from 18,000$ to 400$ within 10 years. In the same time, it became 100 times faster. All major shoe companies started 3D printing shoes. Spare airplane parts are already 3D printed in remote airports. The space station now has a printer that The exponential age 3d printeliminates the need for the large amount of spare parts they used to have in the past.

At the end of this year, new smartphones will have 3D scanning possibilities. You can then 3D scan your feet and print your perfect shoe at home. In China, they already 3D printed a complete 6-story office building. By 2027, 10% of everything that’s being produced will be 3D printed.

Business opportunities.

If you think of a niche you want to go in, ask yourself: “in the future, do you think we will have that?” and if the answer is yes, how can you make that happen sooner? If it doesn’t work with your phone, forget the idea. And any idea designed for success in the 20th century is doomed to failure in the 21st century.

The world’s oldest profession will still be around, unless replacement robots are created.

Work.

70-80% of jobs will disappear in the next 20 years. There will be a lot of new jobs, but it is not clear if there will be enough new jobs in such a small time. Some risks of The Exponential Age.

Agriculture.

There will be a $100 agricultural robot in the future. Farmers in 3rd world countries can then become managers of their field instead of working allThe Exponential Age. Robots farming days on their fields. Aeroponics will need much less water. The first petri dish produced veal is now available and will be cheaper than cow produced veal in 2018. Right now, 30% of all agricultural surfaces is used for cows. Imagine if we don’t need that space anymore. There are several startups who will bring insect protein to the market shortly. It contains more protein than meat. It will be labeled as “alternative protein source” (because most people still reject the idea of eating insects). Can, The Exponential Age, change it?

There is an app called “moodies” which can already tell in which mood you are. Until 2020 there will be apps that can tell by your facial expressions if you are lying. Imagine a political debate where it’s being displayed when they are telling the truth and when not.

Bitcoin will become mainstream this year and might even become the default reserve currency.

Longevity.

Right now, the average life span increases by 3 months per year. Four years ago, the life span used to be 79 years, now it’s 80 years. The increase itself is increasing and by 2036, there will be more that one year increase per year. So we all might live for a long long time, probably way more than 100. A great benefit that will come with The Exponential Age .

The world has always had an overpopulation problem within recent history, and all this will make it worse.  Technology may grow by leaps and bounds, but human enculturation will not.  We will have the same political greed for power and control, others kicking back, and wars will continue.  The new technology will be evident in the tools of war, and the death rate could be staggering.  Continued overpopulation will make cemeteries unpopular and there will be a push to replace them with something that does not take up space.  Or continuing rent will need be paid to stay there.

Education.

The cheapest smartphones are already at $10 in Africa and Asia. Until 2020, 70% of all humans will own a smartphone. That means, everyone has the same access to world class education. Every child can use Khan academy for everything a child learns at school in First World countries. We have already released our software in Indonesia and will release it in Arabic, Swaheli and Chinese this Summer, because I see an enormous The Exponential Age Bubapotential. We will give the English app for free, so that children in Africa can become fluent in English within half a year.

This assumes kids want to learn rather than play games on their phones and just socialize.

“The Exponential Age “

By Udo Gollub at Messe Berlin, Germany

 

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Presentations Programs , almost like a Movie.


Presentations Programs .

Although the “birth” of personal computers began to appear Editing and Publication Programs, it was not until the early 80s, with the advent of color monitors, color printers, projection equipment and overhead projectors, etc., that Presentations Programs for trying and presenting graphic information, increased their development.




Today, is not conceived the development of Visual or written presentations without the assistance of the microcomputers and Presentation programs.

Presentations Software is based in the elaboration of a number of individual pages or slides. The “slide” analogy is a reference to the slide projector. Slides may contain text, graphics, sound, movies, and other objects, which may be arranged freely. The presentation can be printed, displayed live on a computer, or navigated through at the command of the presenter. For larger audiences the computer display is often a video projector.

Presentations Programs provide three types of movements:

  • Entrance, emphasis, and exit of elements on a slide itself are controlled by what is called Custom Animations.Presentations Programs PP
  • Transitions, on the other hand, are movements between slides. These can be animated in a variety of ways.
  • Custom animation can be used to create small story boards by animating pictures to enter, exit or move.




Almost like a Movie.

Presentation Programs provide numerous features that offer flexibility and the ability to create a professional presentation. One of the features provides the ability to create a presentation that includes music which plays throughout the entire presentation or sound effects for particular slides. In addition to the ability to add sound files, the presentation can be designed to run, like a movie, on its own.

Presentations Programs allow the user to record the slide show with narration and a pointer. The user may customize slide shows to show the slides in a different order than originally designed and to have slides appear multiple times.

Ease in the handling of all types of texts and images, as well as the possibility of including effects of all types: Visual, transition, and even sound, makes up to a primary child, able to do work with professional-looking.

The most renowned programs of development of presentations are:Presentations Programs

  • Microsoft PowerPoint
  • OpenOffice Impress
  • Corel Presentation
  • Apple KeyNote

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Spreadsheet . How it changed the World?


The brief History of the Spreadsheet .

We have mentioned that at the beginning of the Boom of the microcomputers, many professionals of different areas: engineering, administration, physicists, mathematicians, financiers, etc. focused on the increase of productivity and automation and accuracy of his calculations by making use of the extremely innovative equipments, so were given the task of developing their own programs especially in BASIC. That was the programming language most accessible at that time, when the word: Spreadsheet , had not any special meaning.




In 1979, two brilliant graduates of Harvard: Dan Bricklin and Bob Frankston forever changed the concept to develop the first spreadsheet: Visicalc

This program was developed in the most popular of the computers of the era, the Apple II was baptized thus by Bricklin and Frankston as simplification of terms: Visual Calculator and was the first application of productivity used in a personal computer not linked to the processing of words.

After its popularity, many companies developed and enriched the concept thus: Lotus 123, Multiplan, Multicalc, Supercalc, and other lesser known.

The concept of the Spreadsheet is based on the use of a sheet divided into columns and rows marked with letters and numbers, respectively, so that each box or cell of the sheet has a unique location for the type, for example, B18, (column B, row 18) that can host any content: text, numbers or formulas and which can interact with the rest of the cells in the planned form by the user or developer of the sheet.

The simplest example is reflected in the following figures:

spreadsheets

In this example, we have placed the label NUMBER X in the box A1, the label NUMBER Y in the box B1, the label SUM X+ Y in box C1. Let us say that those are the headings of the columns in the table.

EXCEL2 spreadsheet

Then, in the box C2 write a formula of the type: A2 + B2, which indicates that C2 will show always the sum of the values that we put in A2 and B2

EXCEL3 spreadsheet

And finally, to set the desired values: 4 in A2 and 8 in B2, and accept such inputs, shows the value of the formula already executed in C2.

Easy, right?

This concept became repetitive calculations in child’s play, and I self to forget the tedious (but exciting) elaboration of programs that execute repetitive calculations with different variables. The answer to the question than to sweat to the Accountants of large chains of operations in the various fields: engineering, finance, statistics, etc.: and… What if…? It became easy and allowed, since then and forever, the evaluation of scenarios without limitations.

So that for better understand the potential of electronic sheets of calculation, and without wishing to underestimate to Visicalc, whose concept remains unchanged, we want to let know you that through all these years have come on the market of Software continuous improvement of these sheets and have joined functions which, practically, make this type of program essential to exploit the potential of computers in any area of knowledge.




Then we’ll list the most important characteristics that have Spreadsheet existing today.

From the point of view of shape or appearance and for the purposes of presentation of the calculations, reports, etc., the most important are:

  • Variable dimensions at will of the user of the dimensions (high and wide) of columns and rows, and therefore of all cells.
  • Possibility to use ANY kind, variety, color, size, alignment and format of letters and numbers.
  • And finally, almost all functions for texts that have word processors.

From the point of view of the calculation tool as such, the most important features are:

  • Possibility of working with ALMOST ALL the formulas used by man, including: trigonometry, logarithms, statistical calculations, logical functions, text functions, probability, financial Formulas, engineering, time and date, anyway, its calculation capabilities are virtually unlimited.
  • Planning calculations in sequence through MACROS, which are nothing more than the programming of actions in the spreadsheet of form pre-programmed by user.
  • Possibility of working with electronic books of calculation, i.e., with sheets that can be linked between them.

And finally, and as an element that places them at the top of their additional possibilities of use, the integration of productivity features:

  • Development of graphics of all kinds: bars, lines, Areas, Dispersion, etc. with the capture of the data of the own sheet.
  • Design and management of configurable data Bases and with a very powerful scheme of filters, which are also linked with external databases on the same platform.

According to the volume of users that use them, Spreadsheets more important today are:spreadsheets

  • Microsoft Excel
  • OpenOffice Calc
  • Apple Numbers
  • Google Sheets

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History of the Commercial Software


Commercial Software History.

Until we get the popularity of personal computers, existing equipment in large companies used software developed for specific applications these users had. At that time the term Commercial Software was unknown.




Since it began marketing the Personal Computer, it began to generate a movement of software developers, even if your home was supplying their own needs for use in specific applications of many professionals such as graphic designers, engineers, planners, Accountants , etc. their programs working primarily in BASIC. Do not take long time to create a market offering that was revolutionizing given the advantages in increasing the productivity of these professionals and many Companies providing these Professional Services.

The end of the Decade of the 70s and the beginning of the 80s saw birth many of now Software and Hardware Giants.

One after another appeared specialized companies that developedcommercial software for old computers equipment such as Apple Computer Inc., Atari, Commodore, Radio Shack, Sinclair, Dell, IBM and many others who disappeared in the midst of fierce competition.




To fill the demand for Software that market-driven, emerged the Software companies that, with Microsoft at the forefront, have changed to the world and to the concepts of productivity, entertainment, art, photography, editing, graphics, storage and management of information, etc..Old Commercial Software

Thus were born VisiCorp, Lotus 123, Broderbund, Software Publishing Corp., Micropro, Ashton Tate, Autodesk, and many more.



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Word Processors


Word Processors.

The first application to get popularized on this new era of computing, were the  text editors, best known as word processing programs or word Processors . Incorporating this tool to companies and offices, forever changed the focus of the secretarial activity. They have been raising levels of productivity and quality of documents of any kind previously undreamt standards.




These programs allow you to create, edit, format, and print texts. Nowadays almost all existing on the market are capable of handling a huge amount of additional functions of which we mention the most used, such as:

    • Selection of fonts and within each of these, an infinite number of sizes, colors, etc. Additionally you can specify types italic, bold, underlined, and any combination of all of these, including coloring letters, and special characters.
    • Formatting the text or document in all their combinations of margins, indents, spacing, line spacing, etc..
    • Spell of the texts introduced in any language, including correction suggestions.
    • Basic text translation into any language.word processors
    • Generation and modification of an infinite number of templates for any type of documents in common use. This include  letters, memoranda, curriculum vitae, technical reports and brochures to one or more columns, etc.
    • Inclusion of graphics, special characters, math formulas and typesettable tables to meet any need.
    • Development of indexes and tables of contents of documents.
    • Printing in different formats.
    • Inclusion of numbering of pages and chapters or sections.
    • Inclusion of headers and footers in page .




In short, there is no treatment needs of texts and documents which can not be satisfied through the use of current word processors. For this reason, they have become the main tool of productivity of writers, journalists, etc.

More Important Word Processors:word processors logos

There are a large number of processors on the market. Only to mention some of the more popular (by volumes of users) are:

  • Microsoft Word
  • Apple Pages
  • Open Office Writer



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Email. Killer of Traditional letters.


Email or Electronic Mail.

One of the most relevant applications that has brought with it the use of the Internet, is the facilitate the communication between two people via email. No matter how distant are with each other, the use of this tool enables the approach and the exchange of information almost instantaneously.




Any person can have free access to an email account from which to communicate with the outside world. This is the better way to send and receive correspondence, photos, music, and, in general, any information that can digitize.

email world
Businesses, public institutions, banks, public services dependencies, in short, all potential senders of information have adopted this environment as one of the first options of communication. This, in addition to reducing costs in mail, paper, stamps, and time, has brought with it the goodness to the environment. Thousands of tonnes of paper replaced by digital files which are more easy to organize, store and locate. And at the same time reduce the depletion of the source of such paper that are the trees of our planet.

The structure of the e-mail addresses is:

username@mailserver

where the user name is unique for each server, i.e., if the name you choose is already used by someone, must choose another that is available. The symbol @ (“at” in English), and then the domain of the server. For example, in the case of Google is gmail.com.

gmailWhat can I do with the Email?

In general, all programs used for E-mail offer the following facilities:

  • Sending to multiple recipients
  • Creation of list of contacts
  • Shipments with Visible copy (CC) and blind carbon copy (CO)
  • Ease of forwarding to third parties
  • Ease of direct response
  • Creation of folders for classification to preference of the user
  • Printing options
  • Email SPAM filtering (junk mail or advertising)




There are a lot of free mail servers, in addition to those relating to each domain or company, but Internet and its communication protocols have facilitated the link of all of them. Most popular free email servers are:

  • Gmail
  • Hotmail
  • Yahoo
  • AOL

Opening an Email account is easy and fast and you only need to follow the instructions of the mail server. Is funny, is necessary and is very friendly with the environment.



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